Alex Constantine - January 27, 2011
RadioWorld | Januarty 27, 2011
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty: The CIA Years and Beyond is a new book by A. Ross Johnson.
According to the publisher, Johnson, a research fellow at the Hoover Institution and former director of Radio Free Europe and director of the RFE/RL Research Institute, was able to access previously classified material for information on the CIA’s involvement during the first two decades of the “radios.” He also used material from archives in Germany, Hungary and Poland.
A release describes the book as concentrating “on the origins and role of RFE/RL in the context of U.S. national security strategy, with particular attention to the role of the CIA in covertly organizing and funding RFE/RL from 1949 to 1971.”
That includes what are considered some of Radio Free Europe’s most significant periods, the 1956 uprisings in Hungary and Poland and the 1968 “Prague Spring” in Poland.
The publisher states in the release that RFE/RL were “arguably one of the most important and successful policy instruments of the United States during the Cold War,” and that Johnson distills lessons that might be useful now “as the United States tries to ‘win the hearts and minds’ of foreign elites and populations and promote positive political change, particularly in the Muslim world.”
The book is co-published by the Woodrow Wilson Center and Stanford University.
http://www.radioworld.com/article/112824
What is Radio Free Europe?
Radio Free Europe is a radio organization based in Europe and the Middle East. In 1949, the National Committee for a Free Europe was formed in New York, and Radio Free Europe was established as the radio broadcasting station of the committee. The headquarters of the radio station were based in Munich, and the first transmission was broadcast on 4 July 1950.
The mission statement of Radio Free Europe was the promotion of democratic values and institutions through the transmission of factual information and ideas. Up until 1971, the listening public were unaware that the funding for Radio Free Europe came from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Funds were passed to the CIA via the Congress of the United States.
Ironies of freedom: Radio Free Europe from anti-communism to anti-terrorism
By Martin D Brown
Radio Free Europe, a powerful weapon of the West during the Cold War, now occupies the former site of the (communist) Czech parliament. Its editorial direction has shifted from opposing the Soviet menace to accompanying its sister stations in the ‘war on terrorism’. As a result, its new home is under the protection of the Czech army. So why is everyone in Prague laughing?
In the top left-hand corner of Prague’s Wenceslas (Vaclav) Square you’ll find a singularly unattractive office block – positioned between the National Museum, the main railway station (affectionately named after U.S. President Woodrow Wilson) and the wide boulevard itself. So often the epicentre of important Czech (-Slovak) events during the 20th century, the Square has now become a rather downmarket version of Piccadilly Circus, littered with tourists (Italians, Germans, Americans and ‘New’ Russians), the detritus of their passing, and the occasional native inhabitant.
In the Czech netherworld
Radio Free Europe (RFE) began broadcasting to countries behind the Iron Curtain in 1950, and was designed to promote democratic values and institutions in the communist bloc. Interestingly, one of the prime movers behind the station’s establishment was a certain George Kennan (one of the Cold War’s intellectual architects), who was in no small measure encouraged by the success of Britain’s Political Warfare Executive (PWE) during the Second World War.
PWE had been headed by Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, supporter and confidant of the Czechoslovak Government-in-exile in London, which itself had produced some of the best propaganda of the war. From the very outset much of RFE’s efforts were directed against the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia (after its seizure of power in February 1948). Indeed, its first editor was the Czech journalist and dissident Pavel Tigrid, himself a former member of the BBC’s wartime Czech section in London.
Although the funds for the station’s establishment were originally sanctioned by the US Congress, until 1971 the money was always channelled through the CIA. Even after that date the ‘Company’ retained a measure of control over RFE’s policies. A dubious advantage given the CIA’s oft-proven inability to predict momentous events accurately.
Thus, with hardly a pause, the techniques of anti-Nazi agitation were pressed into service against the Soviet menace, a process that the late Lord Annan delicately referred to as ‘changing enemies.’
Vaclav Havel, now the perpetually ailing Czech President, fondly remembers RFE for its reports on the disturbances and riots that shocked the west before trouble moved east during that heady, and ultimately tragic, year of 1968. RFE’s previous role in urging Hungarians to fight the Soviets in 1956, in the expectation of western support, remains a more controversial subject, however. (The station seems to have ‘lost’ most of the relevant documents from the period).
Havel was of course a founding signatory of Charter 77, signed in the wake of that famous Cold War ‘Trojan horse’, the Helsinki Final Agreement in 1975. The Charter had at its launch a grand total of 243 signatures (and around 1000 at its height). It was naively designed to hold the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic to its obligations in international and domestic law, most importantly those that guaranteed human rights and basic freedoms – demands that grated with the all-encompassing nature of Party and State.
Charter 77 was THE dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, but it was one that was probably better known and had more effect abroad than it did domestically, not least due to its heavy promotion by western intellectuals, the press and RFE. Its ringleaders were regularly tortured, imprisoned and persecuted by the secret police, the StB, as was Havel.
Indeed, his continued ill health is probably a result of his imprisonment in the late 1970s and early 1980s, facts that seem to generate little sympathy for the man these days. Havel's current unpopularity appears to stem from his arbitrary implementation of presidential policy, reticence over the massive amounts of restitution his family received after 1989 and widespread hostility towards his second wife Dagmar (nee Veskrnova) – whose tenure as ''First Lady'' has produced a raft of adverse commentary.
Charter 77 was never, however, a mass movement like Poland’s Solidarity, and its impact on the Communists’ hold on power was, and is, distinctly questionable. Even though many of its leaders were heavily involved in the revolution of 1989, and the first post-Communist governments, Charter 77 was not the root cause of the regime’s downfall. Today the Charter seems to have been largely forgotten in the Republic.
Perhaps this isn’t too surprising. It is, after all, twenty-five years on. The work of the Chartists is now largely ignored and the current Helsinki Commission (a direct descendant of the 1975 agreement) has recently criticised the attitudes of certain Czech politicians towards freedom of speech in the Republic.
RFE’s ‘good’ propaganda?
I hasten to add that I don’t have a problem with RFE’s setup; after all, ‘we’ (the west) were at war with Communism, and information and news were, and still are, vital commodities in any conflict, and anyone who fails to grasp this fact is merely deluding him/herself.
Having said that, you do have to wonder what effects the ideals of the station’s many fanatical anti-Communists and lashings of CIA-controlled money actually had on editorial independence. RFE’s news reports were renowned for being studiously objective, but that was hardly a difficult task when the ‘news’ behind the Iron Curtain usually consisted of: ‘Comrade Chairman XX today visited a tractor factory in Omsk, production was up 700% and the five-year plan was doubled...’ or variations upon that theme.
We shouldn’t forget, however, that this was all an exercise in propaganda from start to finish, and that all the best propaganda sticks as closely to the ‘truth’ as possible. As PWE once knew full well, and many a government still does today.
One, unnamed, former CIA officer involved with RFE recently noted, ‘As we begin the new millennium, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Radio Asia, and the Voice of America continue to play a unique and vital role in America’s ongoing struggle to bring freedom to the world.’
I’m not sure though that all the inhabitants of Guatemala, Nicaragua or possibly even Afghanistan would necessarily agree. In any case, there is an interesting essay about the CIA-RFE relationship on the Psywar Society website, while Robert Baer’s revealing autobiography about his time in the CIA, is especially notable for his allegations on the links between Caspian Oil interests and the White House: Part 1, Part 2.
Moving targets
In or around 1995, Havel rented RFE the old communist Parliament building at the edge of Wenceslas Square – for that’s what the bleak office block once was – for the princely sum of $1 a year. Presumably by way of thanks for RFE’s and the CIA’s help in ‘winning the Cold War.’
Even if you’ve never been to Prague, you can see the building in HBO’s film version of Robert Harris’s book Fatherland, in which it served as the SS’s Berlin HQ, circa 1965 (the book, of course, was based on the fictional premise that Germany didn’t lose the war in 1945). A delicious example of that central Cold War myth that Fascism and Communism were basically one and the same thing.
Since late 1996, Radio Asia began broadcasting to those countries that remained under the jackboot of totalitarianism – Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan. After 11 September, however, many Czechs have become increasingly nervous at the thought of having such a juicy terrorist target in their midst. Especially since Mohammed Atta was alleged to have met members of Iraqi Intelligence in Prague just before the attack, allegations that haven’t yet been confirmed.
More than a few people have now suggested moving the whole organisation to a ‘safer location,’ most notably Petr Pithart (dissident, Charter 77 signatory, prime mover in the revolution of 1989, and former Czechoslovak Prime Minister). Pithart is also a member of the Republic’s National Security Council, which recently voted to move RFE elsewhere. Quite where to has yet to be agreed.
It’s something that the RFE’s current programming director, Jeffrey Trimble, currently refuses to do. In theory, the Czech government may have to force RFE out of the capital – admittedly an unlikely scenario, but one I’d pay good money to watch. The Republic’s commitment to an organisation that itself braved attacks during the Cold War (the KGB once tried to poison the salt in the canteen of its Munich offices) in order to bring the voice of freedom to the oppressed seems to be, at least on the face of it, a pretty fair weather affair.
The Czech army: a national joke?
In late September the Czech government sent a number of armoured personnel carriers (APCs, Soviet-era six wheelers, possibly BTR-60/70s) from Hodonin, in eastern Moravia, to protect the RFE building from terrorist attack. Which is about as far away from the capital as you can get, and also happens to be the birthplace of the first Czechoslovak President, T. G. Masaryk.
These APCs were in such a bad condition, as is most of the Republic’s military equipment, that the majority broke down on the way. Only a handful actually made it to Prague – four in all – and it is still unclear exactly what sort of protection they offered from suicidal terrorists in Boeing 757s.
Though many Czech politicians are immensely proud of the Republic’s membership of NATO and the army’s role in Kosovo, Macedonia and now Kuwait, its equipment is falling apart and there are few funds to replace it. Helicopters regularly fall out of the sky – killing astronauts – as do planes, while APCs and tanks constantly break down. In one hilarious incident, gleefully replayed on the evening news, a tank got stuck in a snow drift whilst clearing a road during the storms in December and had to be guarded by local villagers until the army could come and rescue it.
Perhaps as a result of these humiliations, the government is now in the process of trying to buy a batch of modern fighter aircraft for the military (Saab JAS-39 Gripens), to replace its ageing Warsaw Pact planes, at a cost of 50 billion koruna (EUR 1.57 billion). Whether they’re really needed, and whether that money wouldn’t be better spent on the Republic’s hospitals, pensions, schools and universities, all of which need funds just as desperately, has been a subject of (limited) debate.
But, regardless of the real need and costs, the deal now looks set to move Ahead, no doubt encouraged by the successes of the current ‘war on terrorism’ and the highly attractive ‘deal’ (the sort that only arms manufacturers seem able to offer) that Saab/ British Aerospace consortium are offering the country.
All in all the Czech army has become a national joke, and their ‘protection’ of the RFE building has merely added to the continuing farce. The Czechs revel in their anti-militaristic heritage when it suits them; The Good Soldier Svejk has always been far more than just a richly comic novel. Though the unwary should be warned this same stance can rapidly be reservedif the occasion merits it – but, for now, the emphasis seems firmly on the inherent humour of the military’s sorry predicament.
My wife and I experienced this at first hand when we arrived in Prague from Moravia earlier this year and spent our first afternoon in the capital drinking with friends in a favourite pub – good beer and even better potato pancakes – and were told that if we wanted a good laugh to go up to the RFE building and take a look at the ‘tanks’ protecting it.
They were right.
I’m not sure if it was the beer and fine Moravian wine we’d ingested that afternoon, or the truly pathetic sight of that single, ancient, APC sitting outside the RFE building, with all its hatches closed and accompanied by a solitary policeman that made us laugh the most. But laugh we did – until the policeman caught sight of us and we beat a hasty retreat.
Outside one of the former bastions of the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’, recently rented by a former dissident to a CIA-backed group of ‘objective’, ‘freedom-loving’ journalists who’d once helped bring down an ‘evil empire’ and now preach the gospel of capitalism and democracy to ‘fanatical’ Muslims, the little ‘tank’ stood guard, and stands there still – as far as I know.
You couldn’t spread the irony any thicker if you tried.
It remains to be seen what the fate of RFE’s building (and perhaps even RFE itself) and its protective ‘tank’ will be.
----------------------
Martin D Brown is a historian researching Anglo-Czechoslovak relations during the Second World War. Currently a Contributing Editor with Blue Ear, he was formally a Senior Editor with the Central Europe Review. He is also a contributor to the BCSA Review and Britsk̩ listy.
http://www.opendemocracy.net/media-debate_36/article_323.jsp
